How should practitioners address disproportionality and bias in child welfare, and what mitigation strategies are effective?

• A. Disproportionality refers to random differences across cases with no systemic pattern.
• B. Bias is the sole factor in all disparities and cannot be mitigated.
• C. Mitigation requires that agencies address disproportionality by implementing cultural humility, bias training, equitable practices, community partnerships, and data monitoring.
• D. Disproportionality cannot be influenced by policy changes.

Answer: (D)